CONCEPT AND SCOPE OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY
Environmental chemistry should never be synonymous with “green chemistry.” The green chemistry aim is to implement, chemical processes that use smaller amounts of harmless chemicals, as well as less energy use to reduce their impact on the environment. While, the goal of environmental chemistry is to understand the chemical reactions and processes that regulate the environmental systems and how the introduction of anthropogenic chemicals affects them. This approach allows environmental chemistry to be constructive instead of reactive.
Formerly, environmental chemistry has had a more reactive approach, to precure and recognising problems after the occurrence of a tragedy or a clearly obvious impact on the environment with loss of life, damage to plants and animals, or radical changes in environmental conditions. Such as the loss of visibility in air and water systems or the depletion of the stratospheric ozone layer. So, “Almost everything that happens in world around us could come under the general heading Environmental Chemistry”. Such as-Chemical reactions of all kind occur continuously in the atmosphere, in oceans, lakes and rivers, in all living things and even underneath the earth’s crust.
These reactions take place quite independently of human activities. In order to understand environmental concerns, we need to have awareness not only about what products are intentionally released into the atmosphere, but also of the process under way.
The normal concepts must be understood so that accurate assumptions can be made about the potential effects of new but related substances.
Indeed, although convenient to segment topics for study purposes, Barry Commoner’s first law of the environment should always keep in mind: “Everything is related everything else.”
Topics that are distant from equations and reactions
As new career prospects for environmental protection and sustainability, sustainable environmental law, business administration, environmental health, sustainability and environmental engineering are emerging.
Knowledge in biological, meteorological, oceanographic, and other fields is equally important to the overall understanding of the environment.
Conservation of environmental resources along with biological diversity.
Pollution prevention.
The social problems associated to growth and environment.
Design of a renewable energy network that is not polluting.
Everybody, whatever profession, is impacted by environmental problems. Such as global warming, ozone depletion, declining forests, energy resources, global biodiversity loss, etc.
It authorizes us to create a secure, balanced and clean natural environment.
Large-scale heavy metal land pollution by factories. So this can be passed to waterways and taken up by living beings.
It also discusses important issues such as safe and fresh clean water, hygienic living standards, fresh and clean air, soil quality, nutritious food and development.
Nutrients draining from farmland into waterways can contribute to algae blooms and topsoil erosion
Organometallic compounds
ENVIRONMENTAL PHOTOCHEMISTRY detailing of environmental chemistry
The uptake of light energy (quanta) by organic compounds may cause subsequent photo-physical or photochemical events to occur. Photo-physical processes include emission of radiant energy (light or heat), whereas photochemical changes produce new compounds by transformations. That includes, isomerisation, bond cleavage, rearrangement, or intermolecular chemical reactions. In the environment, photochemical reactions have been reported to occur in the gas phase (troposphere, stratosphere), aqueous phase (atmospheric aerosols or droplets, surface waters, land-water interfaces) and in the solid phase (plant tissue exteriors, soil and mineral surfaces). All these possibilities need to be considered, when fates of organic compounds in nature are considered. Although in many cases the contribution of photochemical processes is negligible. In others photolysis, is by far the dominant pathway for loss of a chemical. There are several definitions to understand about photochemistry. Such as-
DEFINITIONS TO LEARN PHOTOCHEMISTRY
Internal conversion, thermal reversion of the excited singlet to the ground state with the release of heat to surrounding molecules such as the solvent. Because these two states are of like multiplicity, the transformation is allowed in terms of quantum theory. It is often a very favourable process with a rate constant close to diffusion control.
Fluorescence, emission of visible or ultraviolet radiation. The emitted photon is always of a longer wavelength than the absorbed photon. This is also a quantum mechanically allowed process and usually occurs rapidly.
Intersystem crossing, a quantum-forbidden transition that produces a new excited state with unpaired electrons, a triplet. These transitions are usually 100 or more times slower than diffusion control. Triplet states have some degree of diradical character.
Quantum Yield: The quantum yield, of any photochemically induced process is defined. As that fraction of the species converted to an excited state that undergoes a fate. Conversion of a triplet to the corresponding ground-state singlet (without the intervention of a quencher) is another quantum-mechanically forbidden and usually inefficient ISC process, called phosphorescence when it is accompanied
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by emission of radiation. Phosphorescence and fluorescence are examples of luminescence phenomena.
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